What if? Jewish Possibility Thinking in Utopian Literature and Ideas of the Diaspora. A journey through Jewish utopian literature and ideas of the diaspora reveals modernity as an age of possibility. In the 20th century, a multitude of utopias emerge that imagine the optimization of humanity through technical or economic projects. This includes Zionism and its literature, which proposes a solution to the so-called "Jewish question" through a nation-state. However, there are also numerous, often forgotten utopian texts today that conceive Judaism as a community in the diaspora. Caspar Battegay examines diasporic utopias in the works of Nathan and Uriel Birnbaum, Ernst Bloch, Alfred Döblin, Joseph Roth, Franz Werfel, as well as in American science fiction novels by Walter M. Miller and Marge Piercy.