A look at the Polish government's treatment of Jewish and Ukrainian minorities before World War II. The relationships between the Polish state and its non-Polish citizens were characterized by sharp conflicts prior to 1939. However, there were also attempts to resolve these conflicts through mutual agreement. These efforts took place outside of the parliamentary arena and were typically initiated by actors from the second tier. Stephan Stach's study examines for the first time the development of an institutional environment in which scholars, civil servants, parliamentarians, and journalists developed concepts for the inclusion of national minorities in the Polish state. Using the examples of the Jewish and Ukrainian minorities in Poland, the study highlights processes that contributed to political trust between the conflicting parties.