About the central role of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the radicalization of the persecution of Jews in Europe. Of the over 118,000 Jews living in Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939, only about 25,000 were able to flee by October 1941. Since the establishment of the Protectorate, Czech and German authorities radicalized anti-Jewish policies. They stripped Jews of their property, ghettoized them, conscripted them for forced labor, and ultimately deported them to Theresienstadt, before many were transported from there to extermination camps. Approximately 80,000 Czech Jews fell victim to the Holocaust. Wolf Gruner demonstrates in his groundbreaking study that the policy was not only directed from Berlin but was often also driven by the Czech government or local authorities. Prague initiatives promoted, as in the matter of identification.