The term "gene" was coined in 1909. In the research field of genetics that has developed since then, numerous insights into the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been gained over the past 100 years. In particular, the decoding of the human genome within the Human Genome Project, along with related accompanying and follow-up projects in recent years, has increasingly highlighted the significance of genetic factors for individual human characteristics and the development of diseases. Beyond these medical and scientific areas, the concept of "genetic information," understood in a rather general sense, also has diverse implications for our self-understanding and social interactions. This collected volume explores the question of the significance of genetic information.