Changed curricula, resource reallocations, relaxed admission restrictions: test consequences are omnipresent in the education system. This book examines the test consequences of large-scale assessments with a deontic character, meaning consequences where someone is prompted to take action. The question is systematically explored: What happens after the test? With the expansion of standardized testing procedures, the question of legitimate and valid test consequences has become pressing in educational diagnostics. This book presents the study "Test Consequences in Education," which offers a new approach to the phenomenon of test consequences. A comparison between the US and Germany sheds light on how tests are handled and the actions taken in response to test consequences. Test consequences are first systematized and then evaluated for their validity and legitimacy.