The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, referred to as the "Old Empire" in contrast to the national empire, was an unusual entity. After its downfall in 1806, it was often regarded with disdain, and its tasks and functions are often difficult to understand. Unlike the modern nation-state, it was structurally incapable of aggression, essentially lacking its own administrative bodies or troops. Its goals were the balance of power and interests, stability, and the maintenance of peace. Axel Gotthard clearly and lucidly explains both the written and unwritten rules, presents the most important institutions, and summarizes the central themes and fundamental patterns of imperial history. In a survey in fifty-year intervals from 1500 to 1800, he outlines the essential subjects, problems, and changes in the history of the empire.