The foundation for calculating electrical machines is the understanding of essential physical relationships. In the second volume of the series on Electrical Machines, these relationships are gradually elaborated and formulated analytically. The textbook provides all the tools needed for the calculation of rotating electrical machines. It is characterized by a uniform and coherent presentation style typical of the Electrical Machines series. The first chapter is dedicated to the windings of electrical machines in detail, and the second chapter introduces the other elements and effects that occur in all types of machines. With this framework, the complete design and calculation process for important types of machines is addressed. Typical practical requirements and optimization issues are thoroughly considered.