The field of economics is undergoing a transformation. "Human capital" and "natural capital" are emerging alongside traditional production capital, while "unpaid labor" and "ecosystem services" are joining wage labor. But do these conceptualizations truly allow for a holistic view of the economy in its interconnections with society and the environment, and can they help decipher the dangerous dynamics of the major crisis we are living in? Or do they merely perpetuate economic thinking in a detrimental way? This book introduces the philosophy of economics through the lens of current methodological debates and heterodox questions.