This monograph examines current issues related to the sustainable development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the three countries within the framework of the implementation of the program for the Mongolia-Russia-China economic corridor, which was approved at the highest political level in 2016. The primary global challenge for Mongolia is to create favorable conditions for the establishment and development of such a corridor, as well as for the construction of a long-distance gas pipeline from Russia through Mongolia to China. Special attention is given to the prerequisites and conditions for the creation of the economic corridor, as well as to the formation of the necessary institutions and mechanisms to mobilize domestic resources, in order to make the economic corridor an effective lever for the development of the three countries. Concrete conclusions are drawn, based on which the author proposes a new concept for the development of the Mongolia-Russia-China transport corridor under modern conditions.