Smart contracts are based on the blockchain and work via algorithms. This is supposed to provide more security and make middlemen superfluous. Still, self-fulfilling contracts are controversial.
What’s a smart contract?
How does a smart contract work?
What are the advantages and disadvantages?
The advantages of smart contracts over standard contracts are powerful arguments for moving towards a smart contract-only future. What’s more, smart contracts can integrate cryptocurrencies directly into the contract.
Although Szabo recognized the advantages of smart contracts as early as 1993, the concept of digital contracts has not yet matured enough to be suitable for mass use. Despite the many advantages, smart contracts also have their disadvantages.
Where an application would be possible
Quo vadis, Smart Contract?
Because intelligent contracts are not dependent on a location or intermediary, they could soon replace contracts as we know them today – or at least supplement them. As soon as the risks of smart contracts can be minimised, they’re sure to become an established form of contract.
What do you think? Do you think smart contracts will replace traditional paper contracts and become the new standard? Or do you think that the whole thing is a distant dream of the future, or even a utopia? Let me know in the comments. If you want to stay up to date and don't want to miss any more articles about the smart future up ahead, then follow me by clicking on the «Follow author» button.
Header image: How much longer will conventional contracts be able to hold their own against their smart successors?
The Blockchain is one of the main reasons why cryptocurrencies work and are successful. Smart contracts build on this same collective network. This way, you can make trustworthy transactions and enter into agreements with digital, self-fulfilling and intelligent contracts. The parties involved remain anonymous. And there’s no need for central authorities, a legal system or an external enforcement tool to complete them. But what sounds super positive, secure and future-oriented at first glance also has its dark sides. That’s why it’s a good idea to take a look at how it works and what some of the pros and cons are.
Computer scientist and cryptographer Nick Szabo first proposed the idea of smart contracts that work via blockchain in 1993. In some circles of the crypto community, Szabo is also theorised to be the inventor of Bitcoin. Like Bitcoin and co., smart contracts are based on computer protocols. They’re similar to the traditional contracts you sign when you buy a car or accept a job offer. Standard contracts contain one or more agreements – legally binding declarations of intent – between at least two parties. Usually, this type of non-digital contract is made in writing. Intelligent contracts based on the blockchain also contain this information.
The decentralised blockchain network makes smart contracts possible.
Smart contracts are cheaper and more efficient. The contracts are self-executing, so human error can be almost completely ruled out. They run strictly according to how they’ve been programmed. For example: you rent an apartment that you can only get into once you’ve paid rent. All the conditions of the contract are written down in lines of code. Thanks to the blockchain, the code and agreements are distributed and stored in a decentralized network. Whenever the contract is accessed, all parties involved are notified. This is only possible thanks to the fact that the network that’s used is accessible to everyone. It’s just like for cryptocurrencies: the blockchain mechanism makes intelligent contracts of this type comprehensible, transparent and irrevocable.
Suppose you want to buy a car using a smart contract. You choose the right vehicle online, transfer the purchase amount and pick up your car at the specified location. You no longer need a salesman or hand-over of keys. This is because the smart contract contains all the terms of the contract. As soon as the money reaches the car manufacturer's account, the car is released for you. Whether it’s via combination lock, smart card or fingerprint: the car opens for you as soon as you’ve paid for it. The same is true if you rent an apartment using a smart contract. If you pay rent on time, your key will open the lock. If you don’t, you won't be able to readily get into the apartment.
Smart contracts could be used in the future when renting a house or buying a car.
The «code is law» principle applies to smart contracts. This means that coding regulates the scope of action and the behaviour of the contractual partners. In short: in the world of smart contracts, written programs and code are the law. All the information you’d find in a typical contract is immortalised in the smart contract’s source code. This code is what allows the contracts to work in the first place. You don’t need anyone to check if the terms and conditions have been fulfilled in real life. The programming itself does this. The blockchain network also makes sure that all actions are transparent and that the contractual partners are kept up to date.
If a smart contract is set up and programmed correctly, it leaves no room for interpretation of its terms. Documents can’t get lost either, because they’re stored in a decentralised way in the blockchain.
Setting up a standard contract often involves a lot of bureaucracy, time and money. A smart contract can be programmed and used relatively quickly by comparison.
Because smart contracts are based on the blockchain, the terms of the contract cannot be changed by anyone afterwards. Encryption protects them from cybercriminals.
You don’t need a lawyer, notary or banker to validate a smart contract. The blockchain verifies the contract, and the code decides whether all conditions have been met.
Will smart contracts soon replace conventional contracts?
If the code is faulty, it cannot be changed because of the blockchain mechanism. This fact allowed hackers to steal $50 million worth of cryptocurrency in 2016.
The security, immutability and reliability of a smart contract depend on its programmer. Backdoors can be programmed in and then exploited after the contract has been signed.
Unforeseen changes to the terms of the contract can render the smart contract invalid. For example, you order a car and receive it, but in a defective condition. How does the smart contract notice and handle this incident? You’ve fulfilled and paid your part, but the car manufacturer or supplier has not fulfilled theirs.
Although almost the entire world is networked, there are still many people today who don’t have access to the Internet, let alone an Internet-enabled device.
Under Swiss law, an automated contract doesn’t have the right to deny a tenant access to the apartment, even if they're behind on rent. So, despite the «code is law» credo, smart contracts are (still) subject to the applicable laws of the land.
Theoretically, there are many areas that smart contracts could be used in. In addition to the examples already mentioned, smart contracts in licensing, supply chains, governments or healthcare are also conceivable. In the case of software licences, smart contracts could make granting the licences more efficient. Digital contracts allow software developers to stipulate that the software will automatically activate after payment, and deactivate itself in case of unauthorised access. In supply chains, a smart contract can provide an identical contractual basis for all parties involved. This would allow consumers, intermediaries, contractors, suppliers and producers to monitor in real time where the product is currently located. In turn, you’d be able to track your parcel starting at production, and not just once it’s been shipped and is on its way to your doorstep.
Patient data is shared with all parties involved through smart contracts.
Governments could also benefit from smart contracts. Elections, for example, could be held digitally. The smart contract would then be the agreement between all voters and the government of a country. Elected representatives could then see who voted for whom. You could vote from the comfort of your own home, and the terms of the contract would be visible to both parties. The healthcare sector also lends itself to the use of smart contracts. Doctors, insurance companies and patients could store files using an intelligent contract. Patients could choose what they want to disclose to doctors and insurance companies, and the parties involved would then be able to view the patient data at any time.
Customers of the German electricity provider RWE can already enter into a smart contract today. They pay for electricity, which they might – for example – buy for their electric car at a charging station, directly and without complications. RWE offers their smart contracts via the Ethereum platform, which was originally created for the cryptocurrency of the same name. The virtual card game «Spells of Genesis» uses smart contracts to clearly assign purchased and won playing cards to their rightful owners.
