Only in 1861 did Italy become a unified state. This was preceded by more than 13 centuries of small-scale hegemonies and periods of great cultural flourishing. This book narrates and explains the history and development of the various states and forms of governance between the Alps and Mount Etna, describing the living environments of both the elites and the common people. It clearly and engagingly highlights the historical threads of Italy's particularly vibrant past that continue to resonate today. It provides a well-researched and captivating account of Italy's history over one and a half millennia. It explains the diverse world of states and their fates over the centuries, traces the localized loyalties and the unique form of patriotism, honors rulers and significant figures, and vividly brings to life the country's unique and innovative culture.